A Message of Gratitude from One of Our Former Students

“Dear Mr. Ahmadi,
I hope this message finds you well.
I just wanted to take a moment to express my sincere gratitude and share a reflection with you.
You are the one who introduced me to the world of accounting and QuickBooks, and you truly changed the direction of my life.
I am deeply thankful for everything you taught me, and I wish you continued success and prosperity always.”

— A former participant of our Accounting & QuickBooks training program in 2013 (Message received on April 15, 2025)

Our Gratitude to a Former Student

We are truly humbled and honored to receive such kind words from one of our former Accounting & QuickBooks students.
Your message reminds us why we do what we do — to inspire, support, and create real impact.
Thank you for your appreciation and trust. Your success is our greatest achievement.
We wish you even more growth and accomplishments ahead!

— Fanoos Accounting Services

دالر امریکا؛ قدرت بی‌پشتوانه یا مسئولیت فراموش‌شده؟

در حالی‌که دالر امریکا همچنان ستون فقرات نظام مالی جهانی باقی مانده است، سه پرسش کلیدی بیش از پیش توجه تحلیل‌گران اقتصادی را جلب کرده است: اگر دالرهای فزیکی از سراسر جهان به امریکا بازگردند، چه اتفاقی خواهد افتاد؟ آیا ایالات متحده واقعاً مسئول ارزش دالرهایی است که در دستان میلیاردها نفر در سراسر دنیاست؟ و در عصر بی‌اعتمادی به ارزهای فیات، چه گزینه‌ای برای پس‌انداز امن‌تر است؟

در تازه‌ترین تحلیل فانوس، به بررسی عمیق این موضوعات می‌پردازیم تا دریابیم که چگونه نظام مالی جهانی، بر پایه‌ کاغذهای فاقد پشتوانه، ایستاده است — و آینده‌ای که ممکن است در آن، دالر دیگر ارز بی‌رقیب نباشد.

 برای مطالعه مقاله کامل، اینجا کلیک کنید

At Fanoos Accounting, we provide high-accuracy bookkeeping services at the most competitive prices for organizations operating in Kabul, Afghanistan. Our expertise covers both NGOs and businesses, ensuring compliance, efficiency, and transparency in financial management. We leverage our deep accounting knowledge and cutting-edge tools to support our clients with reliable and precise bookkeeping solutions.

Our Bookkeeping Services

1. Cash Book Maintenance

Managing cash flow effectively is critical for any organization. We ensure systematic recording of all cash transactions, helping businesses and NGOs maintain an accurate and up-to-date cash book.

Our services include:

• Recording daily cash inflows and outflows with precision.
• Reconciling cash balances to prevent discrepancies.
• Generating periodic cash flow reports for informed decision-making.

2. Payroll Calculation

Efficient payroll management is essential for compliance with labor laws and ensuring employee satisfaction.

Our payroll services include:

• Accurate calculation of salaries, deductions, and allowances.
• Compliance with Afghanistan’s tax and labor regulations.
• Preparation of payslips and payroll reports for management and audit purposes.

3. Vouchers Preparation

Proper documentation of financial transactions is essential for transparency and compliance.

We provide:

• Preparation of payment, receipt, journal, and adjustment vouchers.
• Categorization and coding of transactions according to accounting standards.
• Archiving vouchers in a structured manner for easy retrieval during audits.

4. QuickBooks Data Entries

As experienced QuickBooks professionals, we ensure accurate and efficient data entry for seamless financial management.

Our services include:

• Posting transactions into QuickBooks with correct classifications.
• Bank and ledger reconciliations to maintain accuracy.
• Customizing reports to provide clear financial insights.

5. Financial Reporting

Timely and accurate financial reporting is crucial for stakeholders and regulatory compliance.

We assist in:

• Preparing financial statements, including income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements.
• Generating donor-specific financial reports for NGOs.
• Ensuring compliance with international and local financial reporting standards.

6. Bank Reconciliation

Maintaining accurate bank records is crucial for financial accuracy.

Our bank reconciliation services include:

• Comparing bank statements with accounting records to identify discrepancies.
• Adjusting records to reflect accurate cash positions.
• Detecting and preventing fraudulent transactions.

7. Remote Accounting Services

We provide high-quality remote accounting services for businesses and organizations worldwide, including the USA, Canada, the UK, Arabic countries, South America, and Australia. Our remote accounting solutions cover:

• Dext Management: Uploading receipts and processing them for accurate financial recording.
• QuickBooks Online (QBO) Services: Posting and matching transactions to ensure proper categorization.
• Keeper Application Review: Conducting thorough financial data reviews to maintain accuracy and compliance.

Pricing

Our service charges are based on the volume of transactions and the location of the organization. Pricing starts from $90-300 per month, with the exact amount finalized after an assessment, proposal submission, and contract agreement.

For remote accounting services, our monthly charges start from $300 up to $700, depending on the volume of transactions and the number of clients.

Why Choose Fanoos Accounting?

• High Accuracy & Professionalism: Our team ensures meticulous attention to detail in every financial transaction.
• Cost-Effective Solutions: We offer the most competitive pricing without compromising service quality.
• Experienced Accounting Experts: With deep industry knowledge, we provide tailored solutions to meet your needs.
• Quick & Reliable Services: We ensure timely completion of all bookkeeping tasks to help your organization stay financially organized.
• Compliance & Transparency: Our services adhere to local tax laws and international accounting standards.

Contact Us

If you are an NGO or business in Kabul looking for professional bookkeeping services with accuracy, compliance, and affordability, Fanoos Accounting is your trusted partner. Contact us today to learn how we can support your financial operations effectively.

Website: www.fanoosaccounting.com
Email: info@fanoosaccounting.com
WhatsApp: +93799764533

Transitioning to a Paper-Free Organization: Stakeholder Actions and Impacts

As businesses strive for efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness, many are choosing to become paper-free organizations. This transformation involves replacing physical documents with digital alternatives, utilizing cloud-based accounting, e-signatures, digital invoicing, and automated workflows. While the transition brings significant benefits, it also requires coordinated actions from various stakeholders.

Why Businesses Go Paper-Free

A company may decide to become a paper-free organization due to several reasons, including:

• Cost Reduction: Eliminating printing, storage, and paper-related expenses.

• Efficiency & Productivity: Faster access to digital records and streamlined workflows.

• Environmental Responsibility: Reducing paper waste and carbon footprint.

• Compliance & Security: Improved data security and adherence to regulatory standards.

• Remote Work Adaptability: Enabling cloud-based collaboration for distributed teams.

Stakeholder Actions in a Paper-Free Transition

Each stakeholder group plays a key role in ensuring a successful transition to a paper-free environment.

1. Internal Stakeholders

• Employees

  • Must adapt to digital tools for document sharing, approvals, and reporting.

  • Require training on new systems such as digital accounting platforms and cloud storage.

  • Should follow new policies for handling digital documents securely.

• Managers & Executives

  • Lead the transition by setting clear digital policies and expectations.

  • Invest in appropriate software and cybersecurity measures.

  • Monitor productivity and ensure that digital workflows are effectively implemented.

• Shareholders/Owners

  • Assess cost savings and efficiency improvements.

  • Approve investments in digital transformation technologies.

  • Monitor the impact on financial reporting and business scalability.

2. External Stakeholders

• Customers

  • Adapt to digital invoicing, online contracts, and e-receipts.

  • Benefit from improved service efficiency and faster processing.

  • Engage with customer portals for digital communication instead of traditional mail.

• Suppliers & Vendors

  • Shift to electronic transactions, e-procurement, and automated invoicing.

  • Ensure compatibility with the company’s digital systems for seamless collaboration.

• Government & Regulatory Bodies

  • Enforce compliance with e-signature laws, data security regulations, and financial reporting standards.

  • Require electronic tax filing and compliance documentation.

• Banks & Financial Institutions

  • Facilitate digital transactions, online banking, and automated payroll processing.

  • Ensure cybersecurity measures for digital financial operations.

• Community & Environmental Groups

  • Support businesses adopting eco-friendly practices.

  • Recognize and reward sustainable business initiatives.

How Fanoos Can Help Businesses Go Paper-Free

At Fanoos Accounting Services, we assist businesses in transitioning to a paper-free environment by:
✅ Implementing Digital Accounting Systems – Helping businesses move from paper-based bookkeeping to cloud-based solutions like QuickBooks, Xero, and Dext.
✅ Optimizing Financial Workflows – Automating invoicing, payroll, and financial reporting to improve efficiency.
✅ Ensuring Compliance & Data Security – Providing guidance on digital document management and regulatory compliance.
✅ Training Teams on Digital Financial Tools – Educating employees on using secure and efficient digital accounting solutions.

By adopting a paper-free approach, businesses enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and contribute to sustainability while maintaining strong stakeholder relationships.

Stakeholders and Their Classification

In the world of business and finance, the concept of stakeholders plays a crucial role in decision-making, strategic planning, and long-term sustainability. Stakeholders are individuals or groups that have an interest in or are affected by a company’s actions, objectives, and policies. Understanding stakeholder classification helps organizations effectively manage relationships, allocate resources, and enhance overall corporate performance.

Who Are Stakeholders?

Stakeholders are entities that can influence or be influenced by a company’s operations. They may include employees, customers, investors, suppliers, government bodies, and the community at large. The interests of stakeholders vary widely, making their classification essential for addressing their concerns efficiently.

Classification of Stakeholders

Stakeholders can be classified in various ways based on their relationship with the organization, level of influence, and the nature of their interest. The primary classifications include:

1. Internal vs. External Stakeholders

Internal Stakeholders:

These are individuals or groups within the organization who have a direct interest in its operations and success. Key internal stakeholders include:

• Employees: They depend on the company for income, job security, and career growth.
• Managers and Executives: They are responsible for decision-making and ensuring the company’s success.
• Shareholders/Owners: They have a financial stake in the company and expect profitability and return on investment.

External Stakeholders:

These stakeholders exist outside the company but are still impacted by its activities. They include:

• Customers: Rely on the company for quality products and services.
• Suppliers: Provide essential goods and services and expect timely payments.
• Government and Regulatory Bodies: Ensure compliance with laws, taxation, and industry regulations.
• Community and Society: Are affected by corporate social responsibility initiatives, environmental impact, and economic contributions.

2. Primary vs. Secondary Stakeholders

Primary Stakeholders:

These are individuals or groups directly engaged with the organization and essential to its survival. Examples include employees, investors, and customers.

Secondary Stakeholders:

While they are not directly involved in the company’s operations, they still influence or are influenced by its actions. Examples include media, advocacy groups, and trade associations.

3. Direct vs. Indirect Stakeholders

Direct Stakeholders:

They are directly impacted by the company’s decisions and operations. Employees and customers fall into this category.

Indirect Stakeholders:

They are affected by the company’s actions in a broader sense, such as government agencies and environmental organizations.

4. Voluntary vs. Involuntary Stakeholders

Voluntary Stakeholders:

These stakeholders willingly engage with the organization, such as investors and business partners.

Involuntary Stakeholders:

These are groups affected by a company’s operations without their direct involvement, such as local communities impacted by environmental policies.

Why is Stakeholder Classification Important?

Understanding and classifying stakeholders helps businesses:

• Prioritize Engagement: Identify key stakeholders to foster strong relationships.
• Manage Risks: Address concerns before they escalate into major challenges.
• Enhance Decision-Making: Consider diverse perspectives for well-rounded corporate strategies.
• Improve Reputation: Build trust with stakeholders, enhancing brand image and market position.

How Fanoos Can Help Business Owners

At Fanoos Accounting Services, we understand the importance of managing stakeholders effectively to ensure business success. We offer tailored financial and accounting solutions that help business owners:

• Optimize Financial Management: Our expert accounting services ensure accurate bookkeeping, tax compliance, and financial reporting.
• Enhance Decision-Making: We provide financial insights and analysis to help businesses make informed strategic decisions.
• Ensure Regulatory Compliance: We assist with compliance requirements to prevent legal and financial risks.
• Improve Business Efficiency: Our accounting tools and advisory services streamline financial operations, allowing business owners to focus on growth.
• Stakeholder Communication: We help businesses prepare clear financial reports for investors, banks, and regulatory authorities.

By partnering with Fanoos, business owners can gain financial clarity, enhance their stakeholder relationships, and achieve long-term growth and sustainability.

Conclusion

Stakeholders are integral to an organization’s success, and their classification allows businesses to effectively manage relationships and align objectives with stakeholder expectations. Companies that proactively engage with their stakeholders create sustainable growth opportunities, strengthen their corporate reputation, and ensure long-term success.

By understanding stakeholders and their classifications, businesses can develop strategic initiatives that drive mutual benefits, fostering trust and collaboration in an ever-evolving corporate landscape.

Free Excel Voucher Template – Simplify Your Financial Records!

Keeping track of your financial transactions doesn’t have to be complicated. I’ve designed a professional voucher format in MS Excel that’s easy to use and helps you maintain accurate financial records—whether you’re running a small business, managing an NGO, or just need a better way to organize your expenses.

Why You’ll Love This Template:

✅ Simple & User-Friendly – No complex formulas, just a clean and efficient layout.
✅ Automated Calculations – Say goodbye to manual errors and miscalculations.
✅ Professional Design – Looks great and is ready for business use.
✅ Fully Customizable – Adjust it to match your company’s needs.

Who Is This For?

If you’re a business owner, accountant, freelancer, or finance manager, this template is designed to make your life easier. Download Link

Looking for More?

Beyond this free voucher format, I specialize in helping businesses create financial policies, SOPs, and accounting systems that actually work. If you need:
📌 A structured financial policy for your organization
📌 Clear, easy-to-follow accounting SOPs
📌 Custom bookkeeping templates that fit your workflow
📌 Expert guidance on setting up an efficient accounting system

I’m here to help. Let’s talk and see how we can streamline your financial operations.

Mendelow’s Matrix: A Strategic Tool for Stakeholder Analysis

Introduction

In today’s competitive business environment, understanding stakeholders’ influence and interest is essential for effective strategic decision-making. Mendelow’s Matrix, a widely used stakeholder analysis tool, helps organizations assess and manage their stakeholders based on two key factors: power and interest. By using this framework, businesses can prioritize stakeholder engagement and allocate resources efficiently.

Understanding Mendelow’s Matrix

Mendelow’s Matrix is a four-quadrant model that categorizes stakeholders based on their level of power (ability to influence decisions) and interest (concern with the organization’s actions). This helps businesses determine the appropriate engagement strategy for each stakeholder group.

The Four Quadrants of Mendelow’s Matrix

1. High Power, High Interest (Key Players)

   • These stakeholders have significant influence and are deeply involved in the organization’s operations.
   • Strategy: Engage them closely and regularly in decision-making to maintain their support.
   • Examples: Investors, major customers, senior executives, regulatory authorities.

2. High Power, Low Interest (Keep Satisfied)

   • They have the power to impact decisions but are less involved in day-to-day operations.
   • Strategy: Keep them informed and satisfied to avoid negative interference.
   • Examples: Government agencies, board members, influential media.

3. Low Power, High Interest (Keep Informed)

   • These stakeholders are highly interested in the business but lack significant power to influence decisions.
   • Strategy: Maintain regular communication to keep them engaged and informed.
   • Examples: Employees, local communities, non-major customers.

4. Low Power, Low Interest (Monitor)

   • These stakeholders have minimal power and limited interest in the organization.
   • Strategy: Monitor them occasionally but do not invest excessive resources in engagement.
   • Examples: General public, minor suppliers.

Why Is Mendelow’s Matrix Important?

• Helps in Stakeholder Prioritization – Organizations can focus their efforts on the most influential stakeholders.
• Enhances Strategic Decision-Making – Ensures that business decisions align with key stakeholders’ expectations.
• Improves Resource Allocation – Helps companies use resources effectively by targeting critical stakeholders.
• Reduces Potential Risks – Identifies possible stakeholder resistance and allows businesses to address concerns proactively.

Real-World Application

Example: A Manufacturing Company Expanding Operations

A manufacturing company planning to expand internationally can use Mendelow’s Matrix to map out its key stakeholders:

• High Power, High Interest: Government regulators and major investors need constant updates to ensure compliance and secure funding.
• High Power, Low Interest: Industry watchdogs and trade unions must be kept satisfied to prevent obstacles.
• Low Power, High Interest: Employees and local communities should be engaged and informed to foster goodwill.
• Low Power, Low Interest: The general public requires minimal attention, but their perception should still be monitored.

By using Mendelow’s Matrix, the company can tailor its communication and engagement strategies to different stakeholders, ensuring a smooth expansion process.

Conclusion

Mendelow’s Matrix is a powerful tool for businesses to manage their stakeholders effectively. By categorizing stakeholders based on their power and interest, organizations can develop targeted engagement strategies, minimize risks, and ensure long-term success. Whether for corporate strategy, project management, or change initiatives, this model remains an essential part of effective stakeholder management.

Would you like assistance in applying Mendelow’s Matrix to your business strategy? Contact Fanoos Accounting Services today for expert guidance!

Continue reading “What is Mendelow’s Matrix?”

The Importance of Financial Policies for a Nonprofit Organization

Financial policies play a critical role in the sustainability, transparency, and accountability of a nonprofit organization. Unlike for-profit entities, nonprofits operate with a primary focus on their mission rather than generating profits, making it essential to have well-defined financial policies to ensure responsible financial management. Below are key reasons why financial policies are crucial for nonprofit organizations:

1. Enhancing Financial Transparency

Nonprofit organizations rely on funding from donors, grants, and other external sources. Clear financial policies help build trust by ensuring transparency in the allocation and usage of funds. Donors and stakeholders are more likely to support an organization that demonstrates responsible financial stewardship.

2. Ensuring Compliance with Regulations

Nonprofits are subject to various legal and financial regulations. Financial policies help organizations comply with local laws, tax regulations, and reporting requirements, reducing the risk of legal complications and maintaining their tax-exempt status.

3. Preventing Fraud and Mismanagement

Fraud and financial mismanagement can damage the reputation and credibility of a nonprofit. Having strong internal controls, such as segregation of duties, approval processes, and regular audits, helps prevent financial misconduct and ensures that funds are used appropriately.

4. Facilitating Better Decision-Making

A well-structured financial policy provides clear guidelines on budgeting, financial reporting, and fund allocation. This allows management and the board of directors to make informed decisions, ensuring the organization’s financial stability and long-term success.

5. Improving Financial Planning and Sustainability

Financial policies guide the budgeting process, ensuring that the organization maintains sufficient reserves, manages cash flow effectively, and plans for future growth. A solid financial framework allows nonprofits to operate smoothly, even during periods of financial uncertainty.

6. Strengthening Donor Confidence

Donors and grant providers want assurance that their contributions are being managed efficiently. By implementing transparent financial policies, nonprofits can enhance donor confidence, leading to increased funding opportunities and long-term partnerships.

7. Enhancing Organizational Accountability

A nonprofit organization is accountable to multiple stakeholders, including beneficiaries, donors, regulatory bodies, and the public. Strong financial policies establish clear accountability structures, ensuring that financial decisions align with the organization’s mission and ethical standards.

8. Supporting Operational Efficiency

Financial policies streamline processes such as procurement, payroll, and expense management, ensuring consistency and efficiency in financial operations. This allows the organization to focus on its core mission without financial bottlenecks.

9. Who is Responsible for Policy Development and Verification?

The development of financial policies should be led by the organization’s finance team, including the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) or Finance Director, in collaboration with senior management and the board of directors. Input from external financial advisors or auditors can also be valuable to ensure best practices.

Verification of financial policies should be conducted by the board of directors, the audit committee, or an external auditor. Regular reviews and updates should be scheduled to align policies with regulatory changes, organizational growth, and financial best practices.

Conclusion

For a nonprofit organization, financial policies are more than just guidelines—they are essential tools for promoting transparency, accountability, and long-term sustainability. By implementing robust financial policies, nonprofits can protect their assets, build donor trust, comply with regulations, and ensure their mission-driven activities continue to make a positive impact.

At Fanoos Accounting, we specialize in helping nonprofits establish effective financial policies tailored to their unique needs. Contact us today to learn how we can support your organization’s financial management and sustainability.

 

Understanding IFRS Standards: A Guide for Businesses and Professionals

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are globally recognized accounting principles that enhance transparency, consistency, and comparability in financial reporting. Businesses adopting IFRS ensure compliance with international best practices, which is essential for growth and global investment opportunities.

Key IFRS Standards Explained

🔹 IFRS 1 – First-time Adoption of IFRS
Guides companies transitioning from local GAAP to IFRS, ensuring a smooth and standardized shift.

🔹 IFRS 2 – Share-based Payment
Regulates the recognition of stock options and other share-based transactions in financial statements.

🔹 IFRS 3 – Business Combinations
Sets principles for reporting mergers and acquisitions, emphasizing fair valuation of acquired assets.

🔹 IFRS 5 – Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
Specifies how to classify and report assets intended for sale or operations that are discontinued.

🔹 IFRS 6 – Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources
Provides guidelines for reporting exploration and evaluation costs in the mining and energy sectors.

🔹 IFRS 7 – Financial Instruments: Disclosures
Mandates transparency in financial risk management and financial instruments used by businesses.

🔹 IFRS 8 – Operating Segments
Requires entities to disclose financial performance based on different business segments.

🔹 IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments
Outlines accounting treatment for financial assets and liabilities, including impairment models.

🔹 IFRS 10 – Consolidated Financial Statements
Defines when and how a parent company must consolidate its financial statements with subsidiaries.

🔹 IFRS 11 – Joint Arrangements
Governs the accounting for joint ventures and collaborations between businesses.

🔹 IFRS 13 – Fair Value Measurement
Establishes a framework for measuring and disclosing fair value across financial statements.

🔹 IFRS 15 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Standardizes revenue recognition principles, ensuring accurate and consistent reporting.

🔹 IFRS 16 – Leases
Requires lessees to recognize most leases as assets and liabilities on the balance sheet.

Why IFRS Matters for Your Business

Adopting IFRS improves financial transparency, investor confidence, and comparability with global competitors. Whether you’re a startup, a growing enterprise, or a multinational corporation, compliance with IFRS enhances credibility and financial decision-making.

📢 Stay Updated with Fanoos Accounting Services (FAS)
At FAS, we help businesses implement IFRS efficiently. Contact us for expert financial reporting, compliance, and advisory services.

🔗 Visit our website for more insights and updates!

1. IFRS-Based Classification of Organizations

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) categorize organizations based on their legal structure, financial reporting obligations, and ownership model. These classifications impact accounting policies, tax treatments, and regulatory compliance.

1.1 Public Sector Entities (PSEs) – IFRS for Public Sector Accounting (IPSAS)

Public sector entities are government-controlled organizations responsible for public service delivery and national economic management. These entities follow International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) instead of IFRS.

🔹 IFRS Definition:

• Funded primarily through taxation and government revenues.
• Not profit-oriented but accountable for public financial transparency.
• Uses accrual-based IPSAS for financial reporting.

🔹 Comparison with Afghanistan:

• Ministry of Finance (MoF) – National budget control and fiscal policy.
• Da Afghanistan Bank (DAB) – Central bank regulating monetary policy.
• State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) like Afghan Telecom (telecom) and Pashtany Bank (banking) operate commercially but under government control.

💡 Key Difference: In Afghanistan, SOEs operate under hybrid financial models, often using modified cash accounting rather than full IPSAS compliance.

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1.2 Not-for-Profit Organizations (NPOs) – IFRS for Non-Profit Entities

Non-profits exist to serve public or social causes, funded through donations, grants, and membership contributions.

🔹 IFRS Definition:

• Not focused on profit but must maintain financial accountability.
• Follow fund accounting to track restricted and unrestricted funds separately.
• IFRS doesn’t directly apply but IFRS for SMEs may be used for financial statements.

🔹 Comparison with Afghanistan:

• Shuhada Organization – Focuses on education and healthcare.
• Afghanistan Red Crescent Society – Humanitarian aid.
• ACCI (Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce & Investment) – Business advocacy.

💡 Key Difference: Afghan NPOs rely heavily on donor funding, which requires donor-specific financial reporting rather than full IFRS-based statements.

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1.3 For-Profit Organizations – IFRS for Commercial Enterprises

For-profit businesses range from small sole proprietorships to multinational corporations, and IFRS classifies them based on ownership structure, liability, and reporting obligations.

1.3.1 Sole Proprietorships & Partnerships (Unincorporated Entities) – IFRS for SMEs

🔹 IFRS Definition:

• No legal distinction between business and owner.
• Use simplified accounting (cash or accrual basis) under IFRS for SMEs.

🔹 Comparison with Afghanistan:

• Local traders in Mandawi Market (Kabul) – Textile and general merchandise traders.
• Small transport businesses – Owned by individuals.
• Partnerships in saffron and dried fruit exports – Jointly managed by Afghan entrepreneurs.

💡 Key Difference: Afghanistan’s small businesses often rely on cash-based accounting, while IFRS for SMEs recommends accrual accounting.

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1.3.2 Private Companies (Ltd) – IFRS for SMEs & Full IFRS

🔹 IFRS Definition:

• Legally separate from owners, offering limited liability.
• IFRS for SMEs applies unless it grows large enough for full IFRS.

🔹 Comparison with Afghanistan:

• Roshan Telecom – Telecom sector leader.
• Bayat Group – Diversified business (media, construction, energy).
• Ghawarsha Food Industries – Processed food manufacturer.

💡 Key Difference: Afghan private firms follow local accounting standards with limited IFRS adoption due to regulatory constraints.

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1.3.3 Public Companies (PLC) – Full IFRS Compliance

🔹 IFRS Definition:

• Shares traded publicly, requiring full IFRS reporting.
• Strict financial disclosure for investor protection.

🔹 Comparison with Afghanistan:

• Afghanistan International Bank (AIB) – Fully compliant with IFRS.
• Maiwand Bank – Another IFRS-adopting Afghan bank.
• Ariana Afghan Airlines – Government-owned but operates commercially.

💡 Key Difference: Afghanistan lacks a stock exchange, so few companies follow full IFRS. Instead, banks and large firms adopt IFRS voluntarily for international credibility.

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2. Key Differences: IFRS vs. Afghanistan’s Business Environment

Category	IFRS-Based Organizations	Afghanistan-Specific Comparison
Public Sector (IPSAS)	Full IPSAS compliance for government entities	Mostly modified cash basis accounting
Non-Profit (Fund Accounting)	Uses fund-based accounting with IFRS for SMEs	Donor-driven reporting, not full IFRS
Sole Proprietorships	IFRS for SMEs (accrual-based)	Mostly cash-based accounting
Private Limited Companies	IFRS for SMEs or Full IFRS	Partially adopted (basic IFRS principles)
Public Limited Companies	Full IFRS (strict investor reporting)	Limited due to lack of stock exchange

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3. What Should Afghan Businesses Do?

✅ For Public Entities:

• Move towards IPSAS compliance for better transparency.
• Adopt accrual-based budgeting for improved financial control.

✅ For Non-Profit Organizations:

• Implement IFRS for SMEs-based financial reporting.
• Improve grant accountability through standardized fund tracking.

✅ For Private Sector Businesses:

• Train finance teams on IFRS for SMEs.
• Larger companies should adopt full IFRS for investor confidence.

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4. How Can Fanoos Accounting Services (FAS) Help?

At Fanoos Accounting Services (FAS), we help Afghan organizations:
🔹 Implement IFRS for SMEs for better financial reporting.
🔹 Train accounting teams to align with global standards.
🔹 Prepare financial statements based on IFRS or donor compliance.

📞 Contact us for expert IFRS advisory tailored to Afghanistan’s business needs!